Complementarity and lean manufacturing bundles ; an empirical analysis

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  · A JIT bundle includes practices aimed at reducing or eliminating waste along the value steam such as lot size reduction, cycle time reduction, quick changeover and production process reengineering

  · TQM improves and sustains the quality of the products and processes in order to meet or exceed customer expectations

  · HRM is a set of practices that shape the organizational environment in which the basic techniques are implemented.

  · TQM has been enriched by peculiar lean practices geared at reducing manufacturing process variance

  · those practices include poka-yoke, standard operation procedure and problem solving teamwork, statistical process control, visual display, cleanness and order

  · Lean HRM relies on employees' commitment and involvement

  · this is achieved through a streamlined organizational structure with decentralized authority, muli-functional training programs and collaboration between the whole workforce

  · productivity improvement teams are more effective when a firm adopts a set of complementary practices including employment security, flexible job assignments, skills training and communication procedures

  · TQM leads to stability of the production processes thus providing the basic for the implementation of pull systems

  · JIT practices make problems visible thus forcing the implementation of scientific problem solving, the very nature of the TQM practices.